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Here’s a fun fact for your next blind date: humans and puffer fish share the same genes that are responsible for making teeth. Humans and puffer fish have the same tooth-making stem cells. But the latest advances have buoyed the spirits of researchers who have been frustrated by their inability to generate blood stem cells from iPS cells.” “Time will determine which approach succeeds. The Nature News article compares the achievements of both studies and concluded, Furthermore, Daley argued that his team’s method could “be made more efficient, and less likely to spur tumor growth and other abnormalities in modified cells.” To play devil’s advocate, Daley’s technique might appeal more to some because the starting source of iPS cells is much easier to obtain and culture in the lab than endothelial cells that have to be extracted from the blood vessels of animals or people. There is also a risk that some cells will mutate after they are modified in the lab, and could form tumors if they are implanted into people.”
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“Using the most efficient method to generate stem cells matters because every time a gene is added to a batch of cells, a large portion of the batch fails to incorporate it and must be thrown out. In coverage by Nature News, he commented, Raffii believe his method is simpler and more efficient than Daley’s. Using four transcription factors, they successfully reprogrammed mouse endothelial cells, which line the insides of blood vessels, into blood-forming stem cells that repopulated the blood and immune systems of irradiated mice. Instead of genetically manipulating iPS cells, they selected a more mature cell type to directly reprogram into blood stem cells. The second study by Shahin Rafii and his team at Cornell used a different strategy to generate blood-forming stem cells. This could potentially augment the blood supply for patients who need transfusions.” This also gives us the potential to have a limitless supply of blood stem cells and blood by taking cells from universal donors. “This step opens up an opportunity to take cells from patients with genetic blood disorders, use gene editing to correct their genetic defect and make functional blood cells. First author on the study, Ryohichi Sugimura, explained the applications that their technology could be used for in a Boston Children’s Hospital news release, These modified human blood stem cells were then transplanted into mice where they developed into blood stem cells that produced blood and immune cells.
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The second step involved treating these intermediate cells with a combination of seven transcription factors that directed them towards a blood stem cell fate. It’s a two-step process that first uses a cocktail of chemicals to make hemogenic endothelium, the embryonic tissue that generates blood stem cells. George Daley and his team developed a strategy that matured human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) into blood-forming stem and progenitor cells. Researchers have made blood stem cells and progenitor cells from pluripotent stem cells. One study was spearheaded by George Daley at the Boston Children’s Hospital in Massachusetts and the other was led by Shahin Rafii at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City. That’s where these two studies come to the rescue. These stem cells not only create all the cells in our blood and immune systems, but also can be used to develop therapies for patients with blood cancers and genetic blood disorders.īut to do these experiments, you need a substantial source of blood stem cells – something that has eluded scientists for decades. This news is a big deal because scientists have yet to make bonafide blood stem cells from pluripotent stem cells or other human cells. Both studies, published in the journal Nature, demonstrated that human hematopoietic or blood stem cells can be grown in the lab. Two exciting stem cell studies broke through the politics-dominated headlines this week. Scientists finally grow blood stem cells in the lab! Some are groundbreaking science, others are of personal interest to us, and still others are just fun.
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Here are some stem cell stories that caught our eye this past week.